In the last two decades, exposure treatment has also been offered through virtual reality, referred to as virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET). A common treatment for anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy, in which patients are exposed to anxiety-provoking situations, generally in real life or through imaginal exposure where patients are asked to imagine a situation they are afraid of. Anxiety disorders include separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance/medication induced anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to another medical condition and other specified anxiety disorders.
Comprehensive meta analysis screen resolution manual#
In the fourth and fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR and DSM-V) –, anxiety disorders are characterized as excessive fear and anxiety with related behavioral disturbances. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Īnxiety disorders have an estimated one-year prevalence rate of about 18% among Americans. The EIT ICT LABS, project title: SSP 12197 RIHA Mediating Presence 2013. The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), grant number 655.010.207. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work is supported in part by the Chinese Scholarship Council (F2009609048). Received: OctoAccepted: ApPublished: May 6, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Ling et al. PLoS ONE 9(5):Įditor: Mel Slater, ICREA-University of Barcelona, Spain This meta-analysis confirms the positive relation between sense of presence and anxiety and demonstrates that this relation can be affected by various moderating factors.Ĭitation: Ling Y, Nefs HT, Morina N, Heynderickx I, Brinkman W-P (2014) A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders. In addition, no difference in effect size was found for the type of presence measurement and the type of anxiety measurement. Trackers with six degrees of freedom and displays with a larger field of view resulted in higher effect sizes, compared to trackers with three degrees of freedom and displays with a smaller field of view. Further, the correlation between anxiety and presence was stronger in studies with participants who met criteria for an anxiety disorder than in studies with a non-clinical population. Moderation analyses revealed that the effect size of the correlation differed across different anxiety disorders, with a large effect size for fear of animals ( r = .50 95% CI: 0.30–0.66) and a no to small effect size for social anxiety disorder ( r = .001 95% CI: −0.19–0.19). The random effects analysis showed a medium effect size for the correlation between sense of presence and anxiety ( r = .28 95% CI: 0.18–0.38). Potential moderators such as technology characteristics, sample characteristics including age, gender and clinical status, disorder characteristics and study design characteristics such as measurements were also examined. The correlation between self-reported sense of presence and anxiety was extracted and meta-analyzed. The comprehensive search of the literature identified 33 publications with a total of 1196 participants. In this meta-analysis, we reviewed publications on VRET for anxiety that included self-reported presence and anxiety. Existing studies on the relation between sense of presence and level of anxiety, however, have yielded mixed results on the correlation between the two. In virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders, sense of presence in the virtual environment is considered the principal mechanism that enables anxiety to be felt.
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